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Puka necklaces
Maldive Islands: in the year 1721 150 million C. moneta exported.
Philippines and Zanzibar: 1800 950 million C. moneta, 1858 1,000 million C. annulus, 1857 2,000 million C. annulus, 1868
1,300 million C. annulus, 1875 400 million C. annulus.
During the 19th century the export of annulus and moneta to West Africa according to available records totaled 75,000 million
(75 billion) specimens, which equaled in weight 115,000 tons. Adopting 4/5" as the average length for these species, all
cowries joined tail to front, would encircle the earth 37 times around the equator or reach 4 times the distance from the
earth to the moon. [The math is correct. Bob Dayle.] No Philippine or Zanzibar collector ever complained about the scarcity
of the two species in those regions. If we call 37 M. insularum "mass slaughter," what do we call this?
The most noteworthy shell found in the Mokumano Island area was a Cypraea tigris measuring 5-3/4 inches. Other shells
collected include Murex pele, found under a coral slab, Charonia tritonis - 25 - 75 ft. in crevices. All of the Drupa and
Thais [were] attached to coral. Spondylus hawaiensis [were] attached to coral and lava. Limpets of all varieties [are found]
at [the] intertidal zone.
Collecting in Kaneohe Bay offers a wide variety of habitat ranging from mud flats awash at low tide to deep sand channels
with fringing coral reefs. In Kaneohe Bay is located Coconut (Mokuoloe) Island. Shells collected from the shores of this
small island include Cypraea moneta, Cypraea semiplota, Cypraea sulcidentata, Ianthina globosa, and Littorina scabra.
Collectors working other areas of Kaneohe Bay have collected the following shells:
Terebra peasei - 15'- 20' in sand,
T. maculata - 15'- 20' in sand,
T. felina - 15'- 20' in sand,
Hastula casta - 15'- 20' in sand,
H. lauta - 15'- 20' in sand,
Conus leopardus - 15' - 20' in sand,
C. quercinus - 15'- 20' in sand,
C. pulicarius - 15'- 20' in sand,
C. pennaceus - 15'- 20' in sand,
Polinices mamilla - 5'- 10' in sand,
Harpa conoidalis - 30' in sand,
Strombus hawaiensis - 30' in sand.
Off Kualoa and Kualoa Point a number of species have been collected in quite shallow water. They include:
Conus ebraeus, pulicarius, flavidus, abbreviatus, and chaldeaus. Cypraea caputserpentis, and mauritiana have also been
collected in this area. Other families and species include Cymatium tuberosum and gemmatum; Hydatina physis and amplustre;
Torina trochoidea; Cerithium obeliscus; Umbraculum sinicum; Mitra litterata; Strombus maculatus; Alectron picus; and Tonna
perdix.
A few miles up the coast, off the shores of Kaaawa, similar shelling and similar shells have been found. In addition Conus
leopardus, Conus quercinus, and Conus rattus have been collected.
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